America's Secret Jihad: The Hidden History of Religious Terrorism in the United States by Stuart Wexler Page A
Authors: Stuart Wexler
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the Great Plains. Not to be confused with the Sicilian Mafia, these criminals lacked a hierarchy and were far less structured than conventional, organized crime syndicates. They were often, at the same time, more bold than the Sicilian Mafia, targeting even law enforcement officials (famously Sheriff Buford Pusser in Tennessee) and federal judges. By the 1970s, this loose-knit coalition was one of the major forces for criminal activity in the United States, with some crediting its members as having committed more actual killings than the Sicilian Mafia. In the late â60s and early â70s, in response to this growing criminal gang, law enforcement began using the shorthand âDixie Mafia,â even though both terms are misnomers.
White Citizens Councils: These groups were formed, major city by major city, in the 1950s after the Brown v. Board of Education decision by the U.S. Supreme Court set the stage for ending segregation; their goal was to âformallyâ undermine integration. Often comprised of prominent business and civic leaders, they used their influence and resources to outwardly oppose the civil rights movement in a more ârespectableâ and legal way than that of the Ku Klux Klan. However, many White Citizensâ Council members were directly and indirectly tied to more violent groups, such as the NSRP and the KKK, even if those connections were often informal and covert. Joseph Milteer claimed to be an âinformalâ member of the Atlanta White Citizensâ Council, and Noah Jefferson Carden was a member of the Mobile White Citizensâ Council. Both men were connected with purported plots to kill Martin Luther King Jr.
Americans for the Preservation of the White Race (APWR): Formed in the mid-1960s in Mississippi, this group was similar to the White Citizens Councils, in providing an outwardly âcivilâ response when undermining integration efforts. The group would, for instance, raise money for the defense funds for racists accused of hate crimes or publish newsletters opposing the integration of schools. However, the FBI recognized the APWR as a front for the WKKKK, and its most prominent members and leaders were almost all, to a person, followers of Sam Bowers.
White Citizens Councils: These groups were formed, major city by major city, in the 1950s after the Brown v. Board of Education decision by the U.S. Supreme Court set the stage for ending segregation; their goal was to âformallyâ undermine integration. Often comprised of prominent business and civic leaders, they used their influence and resources to outwardly oppose the civil rights movement in a more ârespectableâ and legal way than that of the Ku Klux Klan. However, many White Citizensâ Council members were directly and indirectly tied to more violent groups, such as the NSRP and the KKK, even if those connections were often informal and covert. Joseph Milteer claimed to be an âinformalâ member of the Atlanta White Citizensâ Council, and Noah Jefferson Carden was a member of the Mobile White Citizensâ Council. Both men were connected with purported plots to kill Martin Luther King Jr.
Americans for the Preservation of the White Race (APWR): Formed in the mid-1960s in Mississippi, this group was similar to the White Citizens Councils, in providing an outwardly âcivilâ response when undermining integration efforts. The group would, for instance, raise money for the defense funds for racists accused of hate crimes or publish newsletters opposing the integration of schools. However, the FBI recognized the APWR as a front for the WKKKK, and its most prominent members and leaders were almost all, to a person, followers of Sam Bowers.
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