atrocious conditions. Some three thousand Jews perish in the French camps even before the Final Solution has begun.
In June 1942, every Jew over the age of six in the occupied zone is ordered to wear a star over the heart, and they are forced to buy three of them from their local gendarmerie. Adding insult to humiliation, those purchases are even deducted from their clothing coupons. In July, they are banned from all public places: cinemas, main roads, libraries, parks, cafés, restaurants, swimming pools, and phone booths, and they can only ride in the last car of the Métro.
By 1941 the swastika was everywhere in Paris. Here the former (British) WHSmith had become a German bookstore on the rue de Rivoli.( photo credit 1.8 )
Christiane considers all of this outrageous, and she thinks that her parents are helping some of their Jewish friends to escape. Her family is also directly affected by the new law, because one of her cousins, a surgeon named Funck-Brentano, has a Jewish wife, and she is forced to go into hiding. *
IN SPITE OF their shared hatred of the Boches, the two halves of the Boulloche family choose very different paths after the fall of France. Unlike their three youngest children, neither Jacques nor Hélène will ever join the Resistance.
Jacques and Hélène both turn fifty-two in 1940, and they share the caution of middle age. Jacques helps some Jewish friends to go into hiding, but he is always discreet. He is also careful not to do anything that might jeopardize his family’s safety, or weaken the nation, to which he and his ancestors have devoted decades of service.
As the British historian Julian Jackson observed, “Conduct which might be described as collaboration could incorporate a myriad of motives including self-protection, the protection of others, even patriotism.”
Christiane doesn’t consider her father “pro-German at all.” She thinks he merely wants to make France work for the French, “not for the Germans.” The Boulloches defiantly listen to the BBC at home. They realize that if the British don’t stay in the fight against Hitler, their only hope for the future will be extinguished.
Jacques Boulloche never confronts the German occupiers directly. He keeps his government job, and he commutes to Vichy, the seat of the collaborationist government. His family notices he is always particularly depressed when he returns from Vichy. He never tells his children whether he has signed an oath of loyalty to the Vichy government, but he is almost certainly required to do so.
Jacques and Hélène’s oldest son, Robert, serves in the army during the German invasion, but he avoids capture after the armistice. Now he has returned to his job as an inspector for the Finance Ministry, in Toulouse.
Robert shares his parents’ prudence and their commitment to the French government. Like his father, Robert probably sees some value in keeping France functioning for the French, despite the invasion of the Germans.
Jacques and Hélène Boulloche. Jacques was the family patriarch, who kept his job as the director of the national bureau of highways after the Occupation began. Like her husband, Hélène never joined the Resistance. But when her daughters told her that they had, she said, “That’s what I would have done.”( photo credit 1.9 )
A twenty-seven-year-old bachelor, Robert is not as good-looking as his younger brother, André. But he has a terrific sense of humor, a passion for art, and an impressive collection of original paintings.
At the end of 1940, Robert becomes the first member of his family to be asked to join the Resistance. The invitation comes from André Postel-Vinay, who had met Robert two years earlier, when the two of them took the exam to become finance inspectors together.
Postel-Vinay is a strikingly handsome twenty-nine-year-old, with delicate features set off by a broad forehead and an aquiline nose. As a lieutenant in the 70th Régiment d’Artillerie in 1940,
In June 1942, every Jew over the age of six in the occupied zone is ordered to wear a star over the heart, and they are forced to buy three of them from their local gendarmerie. Adding insult to humiliation, those purchases are even deducted from their clothing coupons. In July, they are banned from all public places: cinemas, main roads, libraries, parks, cafés, restaurants, swimming pools, and phone booths, and they can only ride in the last car of the Métro.
By 1941 the swastika was everywhere in Paris. Here the former (British) WHSmith had become a German bookstore on the rue de Rivoli.( photo credit 1.8 )
Christiane considers all of this outrageous, and she thinks that her parents are helping some of their Jewish friends to escape. Her family is also directly affected by the new law, because one of her cousins, a surgeon named Funck-Brentano, has a Jewish wife, and she is forced to go into hiding. *
IN SPITE OF their shared hatred of the Boches, the two halves of the Boulloche family choose very different paths after the fall of France. Unlike their three youngest children, neither Jacques nor Hélène will ever join the Resistance.
Jacques and Hélène both turn fifty-two in 1940, and they share the caution of middle age. Jacques helps some Jewish friends to go into hiding, but he is always discreet. He is also careful not to do anything that might jeopardize his family’s safety, or weaken the nation, to which he and his ancestors have devoted decades of service.
As the British historian Julian Jackson observed, “Conduct which might be described as collaboration could incorporate a myriad of motives including self-protection, the protection of others, even patriotism.”
Christiane doesn’t consider her father “pro-German at all.” She thinks he merely wants to make France work for the French, “not for the Germans.” The Boulloches defiantly listen to the BBC at home. They realize that if the British don’t stay in the fight against Hitler, their only hope for the future will be extinguished.
Jacques Boulloche never confronts the German occupiers directly. He keeps his government job, and he commutes to Vichy, the seat of the collaborationist government. His family notices he is always particularly depressed when he returns from Vichy. He never tells his children whether he has signed an oath of loyalty to the Vichy government, but he is almost certainly required to do so.
Jacques and Hélène’s oldest son, Robert, serves in the army during the German invasion, but he avoids capture after the armistice. Now he has returned to his job as an inspector for the Finance Ministry, in Toulouse.
Robert shares his parents’ prudence and their commitment to the French government. Like his father, Robert probably sees some value in keeping France functioning for the French, despite the invasion of the Germans.
Jacques and Hélène Boulloche. Jacques was the family patriarch, who kept his job as the director of the national bureau of highways after the Occupation began. Like her husband, Hélène never joined the Resistance. But when her daughters told her that they had, she said, “That’s what I would have done.”( photo credit 1.9 )
A twenty-seven-year-old bachelor, Robert is not as good-looking as his younger brother, André. But he has a terrific sense of humor, a passion for art, and an impressive collection of original paintings.
At the end of 1940, Robert becomes the first member of his family to be asked to join the Resistance. The invitation comes from André Postel-Vinay, who had met Robert two years earlier, when the two of them took the exam to become finance inspectors together.
Postel-Vinay is a strikingly handsome twenty-nine-year-old, with delicate features set off by a broad forehead and an aquiline nose. As a lieutenant in the 70th Régiment d’Artillerie in 1940,
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