5 Steps to a 5 AP Psychology, 2010-2011 Edition by Laura Lincoln Maitland
Book: 5 Steps to a 5 AP Psychology, 2010-2011 Edition by Laura Lincoln Maitland
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Authors: Laura Lincoln Maitland
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easy-to-read answers. Put a line through anything you want to cross out. Do NOT waste time blackening out, erasing, or “whiting” out.
10. You don’t need to get full credit in order to get a 5 on the AP exam. The better you do on the multiple-choice section, the more leeway you have for your essays.
CHAPTER 5
History and Approaches
IN THIS CHAPTER
Summary: Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Behavior is anything you do that can be observed. Mental processes are your internal experiences such as thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions. Scientific study involves systematic collection and examination of data (empirical evidence) to support or disprove hypotheses (predictions) rather than depending on common sense.
Psychology has a long past, but a short history as a science. Although people have thought about their own behavior for thousands of years, the thinking was not done in an organized and scientific manner.
This chapter looks at highlights in the development of the science of psychology and its conceptual approaches.
Key Ideas
Roots of psychology are in philosophy and physiology/biology.
Structuralism and Functionalism—Schools of Psychology
Behavioral Approach
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Approach
Humanistic Approach
Biological Approach
Evolutionary Approach
Cognitive Approach
Sociocultural Approach
Domains of Psychology
Roots of Psychology
Roots of psychology can be traced to philosophy and physiology/biology over 2000 years ago in ancient Greece. As a result of examining organisms, physician/philosopher/physiologist Hippocrates thought the mind or soul resided in the brain, but was not composed of physical substance (mind-body dualism ). Philosopher Plato (circa 350 B.C.), who also believed in dualism, used self-examination of inner ideas and experiences to conclude that who we are and what we know are innate (inborn). On the other hand, Plato’s student Aristotle believed that the mind/soul results from our anatomy and physiological processes ( monism ), that reality is best studied by observation, and that who we are and what we know are acquired from experience. About 2000 years later (circa 1650), similar ideas persisted with René Descartes and John Locke. Descartes defended mind-body dualism (
Cogito ergo sum
—“I think, therefore I am”) and that what we know is innate. On the other hand, empirical philosopher Locke believed that mind and body interact symmetrically (monism), knowledge comes from observation, and what we know comes from experience since we are born without knowledge, “a blank slate” (
tabula rasa
). The debate about the extent to which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience is called the nature-nurture controversy .
Schools of Psychology
By the late 1800s, psychology was beginning to emerge as a separate scientific discipline. Biologist Charles Darwin applied the law of natural selection to human beings, forwarding the idea that human behavior and thinking are subject to scientific inquiry. Physiologists Ernst Weber and Gustav Fechner showed how physical events are related to sensation and perception. Hermann von Helmholtz measured the speed at which nerve impulses travel. Should their studies be considered under the heading of biology or psychology?
“
Knowing definitions is half the battle for a 5 [on the AP exam
].”— Jen, AP student
Structuralism
Schools of psychology aren’t schools the way we think of them, but early perspectives or approaches.
Wilhelm Wundt is generally credited as the founder of scientific psychology because in 1879 he set up a laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, specifically for research in psychology, dedicated to the scientific study of the immediate conscious experiences of sensation. Using careful methodology, he trained his associates and observers to objectively analyze their sensory experiences systematically through introspection (inward looking). He required that
10. You don’t need to get full credit in order to get a 5 on the AP exam. The better you do on the multiple-choice section, the more leeway you have for your essays.
CHAPTER 5
History and Approaches
IN THIS CHAPTER
Summary: Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Behavior is anything you do that can be observed. Mental processes are your internal experiences such as thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions. Scientific study involves systematic collection and examination of data (empirical evidence) to support or disprove hypotheses (predictions) rather than depending on common sense.
Psychology has a long past, but a short history as a science. Although people have thought about their own behavior for thousands of years, the thinking was not done in an organized and scientific manner.
This chapter looks at highlights in the development of the science of psychology and its conceptual approaches.
Key Ideas
Roots of psychology are in philosophy and physiology/biology.
Structuralism and Functionalism—Schools of Psychology
Behavioral Approach
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Approach
Humanistic Approach
Biological Approach
Evolutionary Approach
Cognitive Approach
Sociocultural Approach
Domains of Psychology
Roots of Psychology
Roots of psychology can be traced to philosophy and physiology/biology over 2000 years ago in ancient Greece. As a result of examining organisms, physician/philosopher/physiologist Hippocrates thought the mind or soul resided in the brain, but was not composed of physical substance (mind-body dualism ). Philosopher Plato (circa 350 B.C.), who also believed in dualism, used self-examination of inner ideas and experiences to conclude that who we are and what we know are innate (inborn). On the other hand, Plato’s student Aristotle believed that the mind/soul results from our anatomy and physiological processes ( monism ), that reality is best studied by observation, and that who we are and what we know are acquired from experience. About 2000 years later (circa 1650), similar ideas persisted with René Descartes and John Locke. Descartes defended mind-body dualism (
Cogito ergo sum
—“I think, therefore I am”) and that what we know is innate. On the other hand, empirical philosopher Locke believed that mind and body interact symmetrically (monism), knowledge comes from observation, and what we know comes from experience since we are born without knowledge, “a blank slate” (
tabula rasa
). The debate about the extent to which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience is called the nature-nurture controversy .
Schools of Psychology
By the late 1800s, psychology was beginning to emerge as a separate scientific discipline. Biologist Charles Darwin applied the law of natural selection to human beings, forwarding the idea that human behavior and thinking are subject to scientific inquiry. Physiologists Ernst Weber and Gustav Fechner showed how physical events are related to sensation and perception. Hermann von Helmholtz measured the speed at which nerve impulses travel. Should their studies be considered under the heading of biology or psychology?
“
Knowing definitions is half the battle for a 5 [on the AP exam
].”— Jen, AP student
Structuralism
Schools of psychology aren’t schools the way we think of them, but early perspectives or approaches.
Wilhelm Wundt is generally credited as the founder of scientific psychology because in 1879 he set up a laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, specifically for research in psychology, dedicated to the scientific study of the immediate conscious experiences of sensation. Using careful methodology, he trained his associates and observers to objectively analyze their sensory experiences systematically through introspection (inward looking). He required that
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