Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom by Peter J. Leithart Page B
Authors: Peter J. Leithart
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the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 503, n. 8; Humphries, "From Usurper to Emperor," p. 89.
23Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, p. 160.
24For references, see Humphries, "From Usurper to Emperor," p. 84, n. 9.
"Ibid., pp. 85-87. See also Alan Wardman, "Usurpers and Internal Conflicts in the 4th Century AD," Historia 33, no. 2 (1984): 220-37.
26potter, Roman Empire, p. 346.
27Ibid., p. 346. Humphries, "From Usurper to Emperor," pp. 89-90, makes a strong case for the conclusion that "Constantine and Maxentius were being prepared as potential heirs," pointing out that this helps to explain "why the troops at York so readily transferred their allegiance from the father Constantius to the son Constantine; and why the former western Augustus Maximian was called out of retirement to lend an air of legitimacy to the regime of his son Maxentius. Above all, they explain why dynasty-building became one of the key tactics used by Constantine in his efforts to establish legitimacy over the next six years and beyond."
28Lactantius Death 26.
"Barnes, Constantine andEusebius, p. 30.
30Panegyric 12.4.3, in In Praise ofLater Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini, ed. and trans. C. E. V. Nixon and Barbara Saylor Rodgers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), p. 301.
"Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, pp. 170-72; MacMullen, Constantine, p. 62; Kousoulas, Life and Times, pp. 108-82.
32 Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 37. Van Dam points out that Constantine remained north and east through most of his reign: "he never visited the provinces in Spain, Africa, southern Italy and Sicily, Greece, Western Asia Minor, Palestine, or Egypt, and he made only one round trip through central Asia Minor to Antioch in Syria" (p. 38). He also notes that under Maxentius, and then again under Constantine, the importance of Rome revived to some degree; Constantine appointed members of the senatorial class to office, and he spoke to the Senate when he entered Rome after the battle with Maxentius. He returned to Rome for anniversaries as well (pp. 45-46). Still, his conception of the Empire "plainly emphasized the northern frontiers" (p. 52), and while Helena was buried in Rome, Constantine himself was buried in the new Rome of Constantinople (pp. 58-59).
33Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, p. 30. Potter, Roman Empire, p. 349, claims that Maxentius had Severus murdered.
"Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, p. 170.
37Ibid., pp. 90-91.
"Potter, Roman Empire, p. 349; Humphries, "From Usurper to Emperor," pp. 91-92; Barnes, Constantine andEusebius, pp. 32-33.
"Potter, Roman Empire, p. 350.
401bid., p. 351.
"Humphries, "From Usurper to Emperor," p. 91.
36Ibid., p. 90.
41Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, pp. 174-75. Potter, Roman Empire, p. 352, notes that the actual circumstances of Maximian's death are impossible to know for certain.
42The story is told in Lactantius Death 30; cf. Kousoulas, Life and Times, pp. 193-94.
43For euergetism as imperial policy in general, see Paul Veyne, "Clientele et corruption an service de l'Etat: La venalite des offices clans le Bas-Empire romain," Annales 36, no. 3 (1981).
44Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 82.
45Barnes, Constantine andEusebius, p. 37.
"Linda Jones Hall, "Cicero's instinctu divino and Constantine's instinctu divinitatis: The Evidence of the Arch of Constantine for the Senatorial View of the `Vision' of Constantine," Journal ofEarly Christian Studies 6, no. 4 (1998): 2. I am working from a printout of the article whose pagination does not match the published version.
47Kousoulas, Life and Times, p. 237.
48Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, p. 171; Potter, Roman Empire, p. 355; Oliver Nicholson, "The `Pagan Churches' of Maximinus Daia and Julian the Apostate," Journal of Ecclesiastical History 45, no. 1 (1994); and see below, chapter 4.
49Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, p. 174.
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23Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, p. 160.
24For references, see Humphries, "From Usurper to Emperor," p. 84, n. 9.
"Ibid., pp. 85-87. See also Alan Wardman, "Usurpers and Internal Conflicts in the 4th Century AD," Historia 33, no. 2 (1984): 220-37.
26potter, Roman Empire, p. 346.
27Ibid., p. 346. Humphries, "From Usurper to Emperor," pp. 89-90, makes a strong case for the conclusion that "Constantine and Maxentius were being prepared as potential heirs," pointing out that this helps to explain "why the troops at York so readily transferred their allegiance from the father Constantius to the son Constantine; and why the former western Augustus Maximian was called out of retirement to lend an air of legitimacy to the regime of his son Maxentius. Above all, they explain why dynasty-building became one of the key tactics used by Constantine in his efforts to establish legitimacy over the next six years and beyond."
28Lactantius Death 26.
"Barnes, Constantine andEusebius, p. 30.
30Panegyric 12.4.3, in In Praise ofLater Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini, ed. and trans. C. E. V. Nixon and Barbara Saylor Rodgers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), p. 301.
"Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, pp. 170-72; MacMullen, Constantine, p. 62; Kousoulas, Life and Times, pp. 108-82.
32 Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 37. Van Dam points out that Constantine remained north and east through most of his reign: "he never visited the provinces in Spain, Africa, southern Italy and Sicily, Greece, Western Asia Minor, Palestine, or Egypt, and he made only one round trip through central Asia Minor to Antioch in Syria" (p. 38). He also notes that under Maxentius, and then again under Constantine, the importance of Rome revived to some degree; Constantine appointed members of the senatorial class to office, and he spoke to the Senate when he entered Rome after the battle with Maxentius. He returned to Rome for anniversaries as well (pp. 45-46). Still, his conception of the Empire "plainly emphasized the northern frontiers" (p. 52), and while Helena was buried in Rome, Constantine himself was buried in the new Rome of Constantinople (pp. 58-59).
33Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, p. 30. Potter, Roman Empire, p. 349, claims that Maxentius had Severus murdered.
"Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, p. 170.
37Ibid., pp. 90-91.
"Potter, Roman Empire, p. 349; Humphries, "From Usurper to Emperor," pp. 91-92; Barnes, Constantine andEusebius, pp. 32-33.
"Potter, Roman Empire, p. 350.
401bid., p. 351.
"Humphries, "From Usurper to Emperor," p. 91.
36Ibid., p. 90.
41Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, pp. 174-75. Potter, Roman Empire, p. 352, notes that the actual circumstances of Maximian's death are impossible to know for certain.
42The story is told in Lactantius Death 30; cf. Kousoulas, Life and Times, pp. 193-94.
43For euergetism as imperial policy in general, see Paul Veyne, "Clientele et corruption an service de l'Etat: La venalite des offices clans le Bas-Empire romain," Annales 36, no. 3 (1981).
44Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 82.
45Barnes, Constantine andEusebius, p. 37.
"Linda Jones Hall, "Cicero's instinctu divino and Constantine's instinctu divinitatis: The Evidence of the Arch of Constantine for the Senatorial View of the `Vision' of Constantine," Journal ofEarly Christian Studies 6, no. 4 (1998): 2. I am working from a printout of the article whose pagination does not match the published version.
47Kousoulas, Life and Times, p. 237.
48Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, p. 171; Potter, Roman Empire, p. 355; Oliver Nicholson, "The `Pagan Churches' of Maximinus Daia and Julian the Apostate," Journal of Ecclesiastical History 45, no. 1 (1994); and see below, chapter 4.
49Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, p. 174.
°°On the Italian