Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom by Peter J. Leithart
Authors: Peter J. Leithart
Tags: Non-Fiction
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8, on the prominence of the prefix rein the rhetoric of Diocletian's empire.
12Burckhardt, Age of Constantine, p. 68.
13Corcoran, "Before Constantine," p. 39; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, p. 5.
"Barnes, Constantine andEusebius, p. 6.
56Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 145 n. 2.
"Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, pp. 116-17.
54Jones, Constantine and the Conversion ofEurope, p. 21.
sspotter, Roman Empire, p. 336.
59Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 237. On the iconography of the Tetrarchy, see Smith, "Public Image," pp. 179-83; quotation from the decree is in Smith, "Public Image," p. 182.
"Quoted in Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 359.
61Ibid., pp. 239-40.
62Quoted in Burckhardt, Age of Constantine, p. 612. Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 35, notes that the map highlights areas where the Tetrarchs had recently defeated enemies of the empire: "Egypt, where Diocletian had suppressed a rebellion; Africa, where Maximian had defeated the Moors; Batavia and Britain, where Constantius had overthrown a usurper; and the eastern frontier, where Galerius had triumphed over the Persians."
63Quoted in Corcoran, "Before Constantine," p. 41.
64Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, pp. 8-9.
65Burckhardt, Age of Constantine, p. 61.
66Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 231; he adds, "In theory their standing as gods allowed [the Tetrarchs] to transcend dependence on the affirmation of the senate at Rome or the acclamation of the troops. Now any opposition to their rule could be represented as not just seditious, but also sacrilegious, impious, even unbelief."
67Burckhardt, Age of Constantine, p. 49.
68Corcoran, "Before Constantine," pp. 40, 51.
69The phrase is from Digeser, Making, p. 3. See the similar conclusions of Corcoran, "Before Constantine," p. 40; MacMullen, Constantine, p. 23; Odahl, Constantine and the Christian Empire, 43. Burckhardt points out that Diodes' name includes "Dio," equivalent to "Zeus" (Age of Constantine, p. 43).
70Eutropius Brevarium 9.26. The Latin reads, "Diligentissimus tamen et sollertissimus princeps et qui imperio Romano primus regiae consuetudinis formam magis quam Romanae libertatis invexerit adorarique se iussit, cum ante cum cuncti salutarentur. Ornamenta gemmarum ves- tibus calciamentisque indidit. Nam prius imperii insigne in chlamyde purpurea tantum erat, reliqua communia."
71Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, pp. 54-56. Ibid., pp. 58-59, notes that the Senate retained a certain degree of power, especially as "the institutional springboard for the expression of elite concerns."
72Ibid., pp. 125-26.
73MacMullen, Constantine, p. 11.
76Digeser, Making ofa Christian Empire, pp. 3, 27-28.
77Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 230; the Latin from a panegyric is Diocletiani auctor.
74Odahl, Constantine and the Christian Empire, p. 49; Burckhardt, Age of Constantine, p. 52.
7SEusebius Life 5.4.6-7; on the frieze, see Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 47.
78Digeser, Making ofa Christian Empire, pp. 28-29.
79Johannes Roldanus, The Church in the Age of Constantine: The Theological Challenges (London: Ashgate, 2006), p. 29.
12 Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 164.
'Quoted in Digeser, Making ofa Christian Empire, pp. 36-37.
81Ibid.
83Odah1, Constantine and the Christian Empire, pp. 55, 62.
'Alexander Demandt, Andreas Goltz and Heinrich Schlange-Schoningen, eds., Diokletian and die Tetrarchie: Aspekte einer Zeintenwende (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2004), p. 41.
'Little is known about Constantine's earlier career. Bits and pieces can be gleaned from later statements of Constantine, Lactantius and Eusebius and from panegyrics and later legends. For summaries of this period of his life, see Ramsay MacMullen, Constantine (London: Croom Helm, 1987), pp. 57-59; Charles Matson Odahl, Constantine and the Christian Empire (London: Routledge, 2004), chaps. 3-4; T. G. Elliott, The Christianity of Constantine the Great (Scranton, Penn.: University of Scranton Press, 1996), chaps. 1-2. D.
12Burckhardt, Age of Constantine, p. 68.
13Corcoran, "Before Constantine," p. 39; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, p. 5.
"Barnes, Constantine andEusebius, p. 6.
56Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 145 n. 2.
"Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, pp. 116-17.
54Jones, Constantine and the Conversion ofEurope, p. 21.
sspotter, Roman Empire, p. 336.
59Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 237. On the iconography of the Tetrarchy, see Smith, "Public Image," pp. 179-83; quotation from the decree is in Smith, "Public Image," p. 182.
"Quoted in Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 359.
61Ibid., pp. 239-40.
62Quoted in Burckhardt, Age of Constantine, p. 612. Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 35, notes that the map highlights areas where the Tetrarchs had recently defeated enemies of the empire: "Egypt, where Diocletian had suppressed a rebellion; Africa, where Maximian had defeated the Moors; Batavia and Britain, where Constantius had overthrown a usurper; and the eastern frontier, where Galerius had triumphed over the Persians."
63Quoted in Corcoran, "Before Constantine," p. 41.
64Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, pp. 8-9.
65Burckhardt, Age of Constantine, p. 61.
66Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 231; he adds, "In theory their standing as gods allowed [the Tetrarchs] to transcend dependence on the affirmation of the senate at Rome or the acclamation of the troops. Now any opposition to their rule could be represented as not just seditious, but also sacrilegious, impious, even unbelief."
67Burckhardt, Age of Constantine, p. 49.
68Corcoran, "Before Constantine," pp. 40, 51.
69The phrase is from Digeser, Making, p. 3. See the similar conclusions of Corcoran, "Before Constantine," p. 40; MacMullen, Constantine, p. 23; Odahl, Constantine and the Christian Empire, 43. Burckhardt points out that Diodes' name includes "Dio," equivalent to "Zeus" (Age of Constantine, p. 43).
70Eutropius Brevarium 9.26. The Latin reads, "Diligentissimus tamen et sollertissimus princeps et qui imperio Romano primus regiae consuetudinis formam magis quam Romanae libertatis invexerit adorarique se iussit, cum ante cum cuncti salutarentur. Ornamenta gemmarum ves- tibus calciamentisque indidit. Nam prius imperii insigne in chlamyde purpurea tantum erat, reliqua communia."
71Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, pp. 54-56. Ibid., pp. 58-59, notes that the Senate retained a certain degree of power, especially as "the institutional springboard for the expression of elite concerns."
72Ibid., pp. 125-26.
73MacMullen, Constantine, p. 11.
76Digeser, Making ofa Christian Empire, pp. 3, 27-28.
77Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 230; the Latin from a panegyric is Diocletiani auctor.
74Odahl, Constantine and the Christian Empire, p. 49; Burckhardt, Age of Constantine, p. 52.
7SEusebius Life 5.4.6-7; on the frieze, see Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 47.
78Digeser, Making ofa Christian Empire, pp. 28-29.
79Johannes Roldanus, The Church in the Age of Constantine: The Theological Challenges (London: Ashgate, 2006), p. 29.
12 Van Dam, Roman Revolution, p. 164.
'Quoted in Digeser, Making ofa Christian Empire, pp. 36-37.
81Ibid.
83Odah1, Constantine and the Christian Empire, pp. 55, 62.
'Alexander Demandt, Andreas Goltz and Heinrich Schlange-Schoningen, eds., Diokletian and die Tetrarchie: Aspekte einer Zeintenwende (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2004), p. 41.
'Little is known about Constantine's earlier career. Bits and pieces can be gleaned from later statements of Constantine, Lactantius and Eusebius and from panegyrics and later legends. For summaries of this period of his life, see Ramsay MacMullen, Constantine (London: Croom Helm, 1987), pp. 57-59; Charles Matson Odahl, Constantine and the Christian Empire (London: Routledge, 2004), chaps. 3-4; T. G. Elliott, The Christianity of Constantine the Great (Scranton, Penn.: University of Scranton Press, 1996), chaps. 1-2. D.
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