of the world. Before the age of DNA testing, anthropological classification depended upon two kinds of observations: first, measurement, such as cephalic index; second, observation of outward appearance. Neither reveals the history of biological descent, whether of individuals or of groups. Today’s DNA tests offer probabilities and similarities far more reliable than the observations and measurements of Ripley’s time. Although often presumed infallible, DNA testing measures probabilities, not actual fact, and forensic processes include sloppiness and mistakes. In a 1997 Sciences article entitled “Bred in the Bone?” Alan H. Goodman analyzes the mistaken DNA racial identification of a black woman killed in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.
* Chesnutt predicted that wealth would open the route to equal treatment in the public sphere.
* The captions read, “SCANDINAVIA. Teutonic types. 55: Vaage, index 75. 56: Hedalen, index 76. 57: Jøderen. 58: Norwegian. Lapps. 59: Stature 1.46 m. Index 87.5. 60: Index 87.5. Stature 1.43 m.”
* The National Geographic ’s reviewer of The Races of Europe found Ripley’s separate treatment of Jews anti-Semitic, because it treated Jews as though they did not fully belong in Europe.
* “Racist” here does not refer to people of color, who were not part of Ripley’s concern. He spoke the lexicon of biological racial difference—with regard only to people now considered white.
* Had he sought a Saxon identity, the Westphalian Franz Boas might have been considered a Saxon. Given the continual remapping of kingdoms and provinces in the German-speaking lands, any relationship between western (“Lower”) Saxony and Westphalia had to be vague. Having actually grown up in Germany and not being much of a Teutomaniac, he pressed no such claim.
* Maurice Fishberg, an immigrant from southwest Ukraine, taught medicine at his alma mater, New York University. After several papers on the Jews of New York City, he published The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment in 1911, in which he contended, like Boas, that Jewish physiognomy varied widely and that Jews were not physically different from other Europeans. His unnamed New York Times reviewer remained unconvinced, wondering why, if “the Jewish race” is not pure, “Jews and Jewesses from quite different quarters of the globe resemble one another so markedly.”
* It should be noted, however, that Clarence C. Gravlee, Richard L. Jantz, and Corey S. Sparks reexamined Boas’s immigrant study in 2001 and 2003 and concluded that the changes Boas found were too slight and contradictory to sustain his claims for a possible change in “type.”
* The aftermath of the European revolutions of 1848 had sent hundreds of liberal-minded Germans into exile. They retained their progressive ideals as “Forty-eighters,” much as the revolutionaries of 1968 identified themselves according to their activist year.
† Zangwill said his experience as president of a committee to rescue Russian Jews from the pogroms and resettle them in the United States inspired the play.
* Disraeli’s “Young England” novels are Vivian Grey (1827), The Young Duke (1831), Contarini Fleming (1832), Henrietta Temple (1837), Venetia (1837), Coningsby, or the New Generation (1844), Sybil, or the Two Nations (1845), and Tancred, or the New Crusade (1847).
* Another representative American opinion maker, Horace M. Kallen, quite aptly termed Roosevelt “a drum-major and a prophet.”
* There was a gap. Fredrick Jackson Turner’s election in 1910 signaled a hiatus in the Teutonist idea. Turner espoused a “frontier thesis,” making the American frontier, not medieval Germans in their forests, the wellspring of American identity. Like Crèvecoeur, Turner envisioned Americans as a mixture of northern Europeans—still only northern Europeans—but as a mixture
* Chesnutt predicted that wealth would open the route to equal treatment in the public sphere.
* The captions read, “SCANDINAVIA. Teutonic types. 55: Vaage, index 75. 56: Hedalen, index 76. 57: Jøderen. 58: Norwegian. Lapps. 59: Stature 1.46 m. Index 87.5. 60: Index 87.5. Stature 1.43 m.”
* The National Geographic ’s reviewer of The Races of Europe found Ripley’s separate treatment of Jews anti-Semitic, because it treated Jews as though they did not fully belong in Europe.
* “Racist” here does not refer to people of color, who were not part of Ripley’s concern. He spoke the lexicon of biological racial difference—with regard only to people now considered white.
* Had he sought a Saxon identity, the Westphalian Franz Boas might have been considered a Saxon. Given the continual remapping of kingdoms and provinces in the German-speaking lands, any relationship between western (“Lower”) Saxony and Westphalia had to be vague. Having actually grown up in Germany and not being much of a Teutomaniac, he pressed no such claim.
* Maurice Fishberg, an immigrant from southwest Ukraine, taught medicine at his alma mater, New York University. After several papers on the Jews of New York City, he published The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment in 1911, in which he contended, like Boas, that Jewish physiognomy varied widely and that Jews were not physically different from other Europeans. His unnamed New York Times reviewer remained unconvinced, wondering why, if “the Jewish race” is not pure, “Jews and Jewesses from quite different quarters of the globe resemble one another so markedly.”
* It should be noted, however, that Clarence C. Gravlee, Richard L. Jantz, and Corey S. Sparks reexamined Boas’s immigrant study in 2001 and 2003 and concluded that the changes Boas found were too slight and contradictory to sustain his claims for a possible change in “type.”
* The aftermath of the European revolutions of 1848 had sent hundreds of liberal-minded Germans into exile. They retained their progressive ideals as “Forty-eighters,” much as the revolutionaries of 1968 identified themselves according to their activist year.
† Zangwill said his experience as president of a committee to rescue Russian Jews from the pogroms and resettle them in the United States inspired the play.
* Disraeli’s “Young England” novels are Vivian Grey (1827), The Young Duke (1831), Contarini Fleming (1832), Henrietta Temple (1837), Venetia (1837), Coningsby, or the New Generation (1844), Sybil, or the Two Nations (1845), and Tancred, or the New Crusade (1847).
* Another representative American opinion maker, Horace M. Kallen, quite aptly termed Roosevelt “a drum-major and a prophet.”
* There was a gap. Fredrick Jackson Turner’s election in 1910 signaled a hiatus in the Teutonist idea. Turner espoused a “frontier thesis,” making the American frontier, not medieval Germans in their forests, the wellspring of American identity. Like Crèvecoeur, Turner envisioned Americans as a mixture of northern Europeans—still only northern Europeans—but as a mixture
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