What Hath God Wrought by Daniel Walker Howe Page A

65 (1978): 5–33; Lacy K. Ford, “Inventing the Concurrent Majority,” Journal of Southern History 60 (1994): 19–58; Richard Latner, “The Nullification Crisis and Republican Subversion,” ibid. 43 (1977): 19–38; and Merrill Peterson, Olive Branch and Sword (1982). For nullification in the broader context of southern sectionalism, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation (1979); Don Fehrenbacher, Sectional Crisis and Southern Constitutionalism (1995); and Peter Knupfer, The Union as It Is (1991).
    The best book on the violence that plagued Jacksonian America is David Grimsted, American Mobbing, 1828–1861 (1998), though it does not make pleasant reading. Also valuable are Clement Eaton, The Freedom-of-Thought Struggle in the Old South , rev. ed. (1964); Leonard Richards, “Gentlemen of Property and Standing”: Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America (1970); Dickson Bruce, Violence and Culture in the Antebellum South (1979); Kenneth Greenberg, Honor and Slavery (1996); and Paul Gilje, The Road to Mobocracy: Popular Disorder in New York City, 1763–1834 (1987).
    For the history of schools and education, see Lawrence Cremin, American Education, The National Experience (1980); Carl Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic (1983); Carl Kaestle and Maris Vinovskis, Education and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts (1980); Lee Soltow and Edward Stevens, The Rise of Literacy and the Common School in the United States (1981); Anne Boylan, Sunday School (1988); James McLachlan, American Boarding Schools (1970), 35–48; Theodore Sizer, The Age of the Academies (1964); Jonathan Messerli, Horace Mann (1972); Thomas Webber, Deep like the Rivers: Education in the Slave Quarter Community (1978); and Janet Cornelius, “When I Can Read My Title Clear”: Literacy, Slavery, and Religion in the Antebellum South (1991).
    On colleges and universities, see John Whitehead, The Separation of College and State (1973); Donald Tewksbury, The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War (1932); Barbara Solomon, In the Company of Educated Women (1985); Mark Noll, Princeton and the Republic (1989); D. H. Meyer, The Instructed Conscience (1972); and, on Harvard, Daniel Howe, The Unitarian Conscience , rev. ed. (1988).
    The importance of the Bible to Americans in this period is attested in Nathan Hatch and Mark Noll, The Bible in America (1982); Paul Gutjahr, An American Bible (1999); James T. Johnson, ed., The Bible in American Law, Politics, and Rhetoric (1985); and Peter Wosh, Spreading the Word (1994).
    The idea that the relationship between science and religion has been one of continual “warfare” has been effectively demolished; see David Lindberg and Ronald Numbers, eds., God and Nature (1986) and John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion (1991). To capture the spirit of American science in this period, consult Herbert Hovenkamp, Science and Religion in America, 1800–1860 (1978); Leonard Wilson, ed., Benjamin Silliman and His Circle (1979); Chandos Brown, Benjamin Silliman (1989); Margaret Welch, The Book of Nature (1998); John C. Greene, American Science in the Age of Jefferson (1984); Theodore Bozeman, Protestants in an Age of Science (1977); Albert Moyer, Joseph Henry (1997); and Hugh Slotten, Patronage, Practice, and the Culture of American Science (1994). A number of classic works on the relation between science and religion retain their usefulness, including Charles Gillispie, Genesis and Geology (1951); John C. Greene, The Death of Adam (1959); and A. Hunter Dupree, Asa Gray (1959).
    For important episodes in the history of medicine, see Charles Rosenberg, The Cholera Years (1962; with a new afterword, 1987) and Sheldon Watts, Epidemics and History (1997). Martin Pernick, A Calculus of Suffering (1985) and Thomas Dormandy, Worst of Evils (2006) treat anesthesia; and Michael Sappol, A Traffic of Dead Bodies (2002), anatomy. On obstetrics, see Deborah McGregor, From Midwives to Medicine