Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre by Jonathan Israel

isolated. Renounced the priesthood during the de-Christianization, kept silent under the Terror. With Napoleon, organized the 1799 coup of Brumaire.
    Sonthonax, Léger-F é licité (1763–1813), idealistic follower of la philosophie and Brissotin chief commissaire of the Revolution on Haiti (Saint-Domingue) in 1792–93, the revolutionary leader who first began enforcing equal rights for free blacks and mulattoes on Haiti against the wishes of the white planters, decreeing the end of slavery there in 1793. An ally of Tousaint-Louverture in 1793–94, and for a time after his return to Haiti following his imprisonment in France during the last part of the Terror. Toussaint-Louverture expelled him from Haiti in 1797.
    Staël, Anne-Louise, Mme. de (1766–1817), daughter of Necker, Swiss writer and commentator on the Revolution. Returning to Paris in 1795, presided over one of the principal revolutionary salons under the Directory; opposed Napoleon’s dictatorship.
    Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de (1754–1838), aristocrat made bishop of Autun in 1788. Betrayed the French clergy in October 1789 by joining Mirabeau in seeking nationalization of the Church’s property, the Republic in December 1792 by fleeing to London and offering his services to the royal family, and the émigrés by seeking reconciliation with the Revolution. Returned to Paris in September 1796. Welcomed Napoleon’s dictatorship, later betrayed Napoleon in favor of Louis XVIII and the Bourbons (yet again) during the Revolution of 1830.
    Tallien, Jean Lambert (1767–1820), corrupt Montagnard leader, directed the Terror at Bordeaux until March 1794 when, being less ruthless than other representatives-on-mission, was denounced for modérantisme. A leader of the coup of Thermidor and subsequent Thermidorian reaction, systematically betrayed first the Jacobins, then the Republic, then Napoleon, then Louis XVIII, dying in disgrace, sickness, and misery.
    Toussaint-Louverture, François Dominique (1743–1803), black slave born on Saint-Domingue who obtained his freedom and some education before the Revolution. A military leader of the black rising on Haiti from September 1791, allied first with royalist Spain but then, from 1793, with Sonthonax and the French Revolution. Helping to end slavery in Haiti, succeeded in 1796–97 in driving back the British and Spanish royalist invasions. By 1799, was virtual master of Haiti and subsequently introduced a constitution with himself as governor-general for life. In 1802, Napoleon sent an army to reconquer Haiti and reintroduce slavery (initially successful), capturing Toussaint who died a prisoner in France, in 1803.
    Treilhard, Jean-Baptiste (1742–1810), lawyer elected to the Estates-General of 1789, played a leading part in the National Assembly as head of the committeefor ecclesiastical affairs, in confiscating the Church’s property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Uninvolved in the Terror, was prominent in the Thermidorian reaction as a firm republican, replacing François de Neufchâteau among the five directors in May 1798. After Brumaire, abandoned republicanism for Napoleon.
    Vadier, Marc Guillaume (1736–1828), corrupt Montagnard leader, son of an ecclesiastical tithe collector, voted onto the Committee of General Security by the Convention in September 1793. Instrumental in Danton’s downfall and the coup of Thermidor. Evaded deportation to Cayenne for promoting the Terror, in 1795, by managing to hide. Joined Babeuf’s Conspiracy of Equals.
    Varlet, Jean (1764–1837), postal employee who became a prominent Enragé leader. Detested by Marat and Robespierre, was popular among the sansculottes of the faubourgs, haranguing crowds in the streets from his stand. Among the main crowd organizers of the coups d’état of 31 May and 2 June. Publicly criticized Robespierre, defended the rights of the section assemblies to gather and petition, and urged the mandating of deputies by their electors.