See Borrini, Mignemi and Muratore,
Parlare
, p. 21, and the testimonies of Bruno Simioli and Felice Perosino in Bravo and Jalla,
La vita offesa
, pp. 80, 128. On the role played by the railway workers and the Germans’ distrust of them, see E. Vallini,
Guerra sulle rotaie: contributo ad una storia della Resistenza
, Milan: Lerici, 1964.
102 This is how it was to be recalled in the article entitled, ‘I contadini e la guerra di liberazione’, in
L’Italia Libera
, 30 May 1944 (Roman edition).
103 Testimony by Carlo Rameri, in D. Borioli and R. Botta,
I giorni della montagna. Otto saggi sui partigiani della Pinan Cichero
, Alessandria: WR Edizioni, 1990, p. 80.
104 Testimony by Luigi Airaldi.
105 See Artom,
Diari
, p. 74 (9 September).
106 See G. Pesce,
Senza tregua
, Milan: Feltrinelli, 1974, pp. 15–16.
107 Ibid., p. 19.
108 These are Calvino’s words in
Angoscia in caserma
, p. 105.
109 A Garibaldini report reads: ‘We went along to the barracks of the 88 th infantry and tried to persuade the soldiers not to abandon their posts, or at least to come and swell our ranks. We found a great incomprehension in them, and correspondingly a great yearning to go home, and so we made them give up their weapons. As the days went by the collapse of our army became more and more accentuated’ (report on the ‘squadra d’azione di Castiglioncello’ [Castiglioncello action squad] of the 3 rd Garibaldi brigade, signed by the detachment commander, Francesco Pandolfi). The author of the report recalls the ‘moral depression’ which this behaviour on the part of soldiers generated in his men (IG,
BG
, 012056).
110 ‘The National Front is warned through the assemblies; it protests (the representatives of the various parties are all infatuated by legality) saying that assemblies should not be held because the prefect does not authorise them, that they could cause incidents, that by doing so the Communist Party breaks with the National Front, et cetera. Only the Action Party representative agrees with us’: this is what Giovanni (Remo Scappini) wrote in a ‘report from Turin’ of 15 September (IG,
Archivio PCI
).
111 E. Forcella, ‘L’arte della fuga: il black-out dell’informazione nella crisi italiana dell’8 settembre 1943’, in
Movimento operaio e socialista
, n.s., VI, 1983, pp. 481–97. See also Zangrandi,
1943
, pp. 130–1.
112 See
Il Lavoro
(formerly
Il lavoro fascista
, which became the organ of the confederation of workers during the Badoglian period). This title and the entire contents of the newspaper, particularly an article by Mario Alicata, should be considered among the first explicit incitements to armed struggle.
113 Editorial in
Giustizia e Libertà. Notiziario dei patrioti delle Alpi Cozie
, October 1944, quoted in M. Giovana,
Storia di una formazione partigiana
, Turin: Einaudi, 1964, pp. 199–200.
114 M. Fioravanti, ‘Stato (Diritto intermedio)’, in
Enciclopedia del diritto
, Milan: Giuffré, 1987, p. 41 of the extract.
115 ‘Relazione sull’attività del CTLN’, presented to the Allies, 9 August 1944 (ISRT,
Carte Francesco Berti
, envelope I, folder 3, subfolder CTLN
verbali
).
116 Testimony by Alberto Petrini regarding the abandonment of the city after the bombings that followed 8 September (Portelli,
Biografia di una città
, p. 255).
117 C. Inverni (V. Foa), ‘I partiti e la nuova realtà italiana (la politica del CLN)’,
Quaderni dell’Italia Libera
, n.s., I, p. 17 (written in Turin in March 1944).
118 Speech made in Cuneo on 18 September 1948, in the presence of the president of the republic, Luigi Einaudi, at the award ceremony for valour for seven partisans (see Bianco,
Guerra partigiana
, Appendix, p. 149).
119
Saggio bibliografico
, no. 2698. Cf. the testimony of the partisan Luigi Gandolfo: ‘So, if there is no army, if no government exists, who are we?’ (Borioli e Botta,
I giorni della montagna
, p. 73).
120 C. Mortati,
Istituzioni di diritto pubblico
I,
Parlare
, p. 21, and the testimonies of Bruno Simioli and Felice Perosino in Bravo and Jalla,
La vita offesa
, pp. 80, 128. On the role played by the railway workers and the Germans’ distrust of them, see E. Vallini,
Guerra sulle rotaie: contributo ad una storia della Resistenza
, Milan: Lerici, 1964.
102 This is how it was to be recalled in the article entitled, ‘I contadini e la guerra di liberazione’, in
L’Italia Libera
, 30 May 1944 (Roman edition).
103 Testimony by Carlo Rameri, in D. Borioli and R. Botta,
I giorni della montagna. Otto saggi sui partigiani della Pinan Cichero
, Alessandria: WR Edizioni, 1990, p. 80.
104 Testimony by Luigi Airaldi.
105 See Artom,
Diari
, p. 74 (9 September).
106 See G. Pesce,
Senza tregua
, Milan: Feltrinelli, 1974, pp. 15–16.
107 Ibid., p. 19.
108 These are Calvino’s words in
Angoscia in caserma
, p. 105.
109 A Garibaldini report reads: ‘We went along to the barracks of the 88 th infantry and tried to persuade the soldiers not to abandon their posts, or at least to come and swell our ranks. We found a great incomprehension in them, and correspondingly a great yearning to go home, and so we made them give up their weapons. As the days went by the collapse of our army became more and more accentuated’ (report on the ‘squadra d’azione di Castiglioncello’ [Castiglioncello action squad] of the 3 rd Garibaldi brigade, signed by the detachment commander, Francesco Pandolfi). The author of the report recalls the ‘moral depression’ which this behaviour on the part of soldiers generated in his men (IG,
BG
, 012056).
110 ‘The National Front is warned through the assemblies; it protests (the representatives of the various parties are all infatuated by legality) saying that assemblies should not be held because the prefect does not authorise them, that they could cause incidents, that by doing so the Communist Party breaks with the National Front, et cetera. Only the Action Party representative agrees with us’: this is what Giovanni (Remo Scappini) wrote in a ‘report from Turin’ of 15 September (IG,
Archivio PCI
).
111 E. Forcella, ‘L’arte della fuga: il black-out dell’informazione nella crisi italiana dell’8 settembre 1943’, in
Movimento operaio e socialista
, n.s., VI, 1983, pp. 481–97. See also Zangrandi,
1943
, pp. 130–1.
112 See
Il Lavoro
(formerly
Il lavoro fascista
, which became the organ of the confederation of workers during the Badoglian period). This title and the entire contents of the newspaper, particularly an article by Mario Alicata, should be considered among the first explicit incitements to armed struggle.
113 Editorial in
Giustizia e Libertà. Notiziario dei patrioti delle Alpi Cozie
, October 1944, quoted in M. Giovana,
Storia di una formazione partigiana
, Turin: Einaudi, 1964, pp. 199–200.
114 M. Fioravanti, ‘Stato (Diritto intermedio)’, in
Enciclopedia del diritto
, Milan: Giuffré, 1987, p. 41 of the extract.
115 ‘Relazione sull’attività del CTLN’, presented to the Allies, 9 August 1944 (ISRT,
Carte Francesco Berti
, envelope I, folder 3, subfolder CTLN
verbali
).
116 Testimony by Alberto Petrini regarding the abandonment of the city after the bombings that followed 8 September (Portelli,
Biografia di una città
, p. 255).
117 C. Inverni (V. Foa), ‘I partiti e la nuova realtà italiana (la politica del CLN)’,
Quaderni dell’Italia Libera
, n.s., I, p. 17 (written in Turin in March 1944).
118 Speech made in Cuneo on 18 September 1948, in the presence of the president of the republic, Luigi Einaudi, at the award ceremony for valour for seven partisans (see Bianco,
Guerra partigiana
, Appendix, p. 149).
119
Saggio bibliografico
, no. 2698. Cf. the testimony of the partisan Luigi Gandolfo: ‘So, if there is no army, if no government exists, who are we?’ (Borioli e Botta,
I giorni della montagna
, p. 73).
120 C. Mortati,
Istituzioni di diritto pubblico
I,